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Jacques Ellul argues that propaganda does not primarily aim to change opinion, but to bring about "the active or passive participation" of a mass of individuals who are "psychologically unified through psychological manipulations."

The propagandist addresses the individual who is alone in the mass. Isolation in the mass "is a natural product of present-day society and is both used and deepened by the mass media...the listener to a radio broadcast, though actually alone, is nevertheless part of a large group and he is aware of it."

Propaganda uses the power of the mass media to reach the whole crowd at once, and yet addresses each individual in the crowd. In reality, propaganda only pretends to address the individual who is reduced to an average. Propaganda acts on what the individual has in common with others.

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